Postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis for percutaneous nephrolithotomy and risk of infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study is to perform a high-quality meta-analysis using only randomized controlled trials (RCT) to better define the role of postoperative antibiotics in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for RCTs in EMBASE, PubMed, and Web of Science up to May 2023 was conducted following the PICO framework: Population-adult patients who underwent PCNL; Intervention-postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis until nephrostomy tube withdrawal; Control-single dose of antibiotic during the induction of anesthesia; and Outcome-systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis and fever after PCNL. The protocol was registered on the PROSPERO database (CRD42022361579). We calculated odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI). A random-effects model was employed, and the alpha risk was defined as < 0.05. RESULTS: Seven articles, encompassing a total of 629 patients, were included in the analysis. The outcome of SIRS or sepsis was extracted from six of the included studies, while the outcome of postoperative fever was extracted from four studies. The analysis revealed no statistical association between the use of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis until nephrostomy tube withdrawal and the occurrence of SIRS/sepsis (OR 1.236, 95% CI 0.731 - 2.089, p=0.429) or fever (OR 2.049, 95% CI 0.790 - 5.316, p=0.140). CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest that there is no benefit associated with the use of postoperative antibiotic prophylaxis until nephrostomy tube withdrawal in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). We recommend that antibiotic prophylaxis should be administered only until the induction of anesthesia in PCNL.

One week pre-operative oral antibiotics for percutaneous nephrolithotomy reduce risk of infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy of extended dose of preoperative antibiotics to reduce infectious risk in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). Materials and Methods A literature search for prospective case-control studies or randomized controlled trials was done. PICO framework was used. Population: adult patients that underwent to PCNL; Intervention: extended dose preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis before PCNL; Control: short dose preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis before PCNL; and Outcome: systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis, fever after PCNL and positive intraoperative urine and stone culture. This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO database under the number: CRD42022359589. Results Three RCT and two prospective studies (475 patients) were included. SIRS/sepsis outcome was retrieved from all studies included. Seven days preoperative oral antibiotics for PCNL was a protective factor for developing SIRS/sepsis (OR 0.366, 95% CI 0.234 - 0.527, p < 0.001). There was no statistical association between seven-day use of antibiotics and fever (OR 0.592, 95% CI 0.147 - 2.388, p = 0.462). Patients who received seven days preoperative antibiotics had lower positive intraoperative urine culture (OR 0.284, 95% CI 0.120 - 0.674, p = 0.004) and stone culture (OR 0.351, 95% CI 0.185 - 0.663, p = 0.001) than the control group. Conclusion one week of prophylactic oral antibiotics based on local bacterial sensitivity pattern plus a dose of intravenous antibiotics at the time of surgery in patients undergoing PCNL reduces the risk of infection.

Risk factors for hospital mortality in intensive care unit survivors: a retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Deaths can occur after a patient has survived treatment for a serious illness in an intensive care unit (ICU). Mortality rates after leaving the ICU can be considered indicators of health care quality. This study aims to describe risk factors and mortality of surviving patients discharged from an ICU in a university hospital. METHODS: Retrospective cohort study carried out from January 2017 to December 2018. Data on age, sex, length of hospital stay, diagnosis on admission to the ICU, hospital discharge outcome, presence of infection, and Simplified Acute Physiology Score (SAPS) III prognostic score were collected. Infected patients were considered as those being treated for an infection on discharge from the ICU. Patients were divided into survivors and non-survivors on leaving the hospital. The association between the studied variables was performed using the logistic regression model. RESULTS: A total of 1,025 patients who survived hospitalization in the ICU were analyzed, of which 212 (20.7%) died after leaving the ICU. When separating the groups of survivors and non-survivors according to hospital outcome, the median age was higher among non-survivors. Longer hospital stays and higher SAPS III values were observed among non-survivors. In the logistic regression, the variables age, length of hospital stay, SAPS III, presence of infection, and readmission to the ICU were associated with hospital mortality. CONCLUSIONS: Infection on ICU discharge, ICU readmission, age, length of hospital stay, and SAPS III increased risk of death in ICU survivors.

One week pre-operative oral antibiotics for percutaneous nephrolithotomy reduce risk of infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this meta-analysis is to assess the efficacy of extended dose of preoperative antibiotics to reduce infectious risk in patients undergoing percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A literature search for prospective case-control studies or randomized controlled trials was done. PICO framework was used. POPULATION: adult patients that underwent to PCNL; Intervention: extended dose preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis before PCNL; Control: short dose preoperative antibiotic prophylaxis before PCNL; and Outcome: systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) or sepsis, fever after PCNL and positive intraoperative urine and stone culture. This meta-analysis was registered in PROSPERO database under the number: CRD42022359589. RESULTS: Three RCT and two prospective studies (475 patients) were included. SIRS/sepsis outcome was retrieved from all studies included. Seven days preoperative oral antibiotics for PCNL was a protective factor for developing SIRS/sepsis (OR 0.366, 95% CI 0.234 - 0.527, p < 0.001). There was no statistical association between seven-day use of antibiotics and fever (OR 0.592, 95% CI 0.147 - 2.388, p = 0.462). Patients who received seven days preoperative antibiotics had lower positive intraoperative urine culture (OR 0.284, 95% CI 0.120 - 0.674, p = 0.004) and stone culture (OR 0.351, 95% CI 0.185 - 0.663, p = 0.001) than the control group. CONCLUSION: one week of prophylactic oral antibiotics based on local bacterial sensitivity pattern plus a dose of intravenous antibiotics at the time of surgery in patients undergoing PCNL reduces the risk of infection.

Previously unseen 80L giant hydronephrosis.

Here we describe the case of a patient who was referred to our institution with an immense abdominal volume of unknown origin. The patient was unable to stand up and therefore was bedridden. A giant hydronephrotic kidney was diagnosed and total volume of urine removed was 80L. Nephrectomy was uneventful and, despite his acquired thoracic and abdominal deformities, he was able to recover completely. This is the largest reported hydroneprosis in the literature.

Análise do poder de discriminação de índices prognósticos em pacientes queimados / Analysis of discrimination power of prognostic scores in burn patients

Introdução: As queimaduras são um grave problema de saúde pública. Os índices prognósticos estimam probabilidade prognóstica e ajudam a quantificar a gravidade do paciente. Objetivo:Avaliar o poder de discriminação dos índices Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) e Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System 28 (TISS 28) da admissão em pacientes de uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI) especializada no tratamento de queimados. Casuística e Métodos:Estudo longitudinal prospectivo, realizado em uma Unidade de Terapia Intensiva especializada no atendimento ao paciente queimado, no período de maio de 2011 a maio de 2013. Foram excluídos pacientes com menos de 18 anos e com menos de 24 horas de internação. Foram coletados dados clínicos e demográficos e calculados os escores prognósticos estudados. A acurácia dos índices foi avaliada pela curva Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC), discriminando o desfecho do paciente (sobrevivente e não sobrevivente). Foi calculada a área sob a curva (AUC). Resultados: Foram incluídos 180 pacientes no período de estudo, sendo 72,8% do sexo masculino (n=131). A mediana de idade foi de 40 anos (ITQ: 30 ­ 52,5). A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 37,2% (n=67). A maior AUC foi a do escore APACHE II, com valor de 0,837 (ponto de corte do escore = 14, sensibilidade de 83,6% e especificidade de 72,3%). Na análise de pontuação dos escores entre sobreviventes e não sobreviventes, observou-se diferença estatisticamente significativa entre os valores de todos os índices estudados. Conclusões: Os escores ABSI, APACHE II, SOFA e TISS 28 na admissão da UTI mostraram bom poder de discriminação para sobrevivência entre pacientes queimados.

Introduction: Burns are a serious public health problem. Prognostic indexes estimate prognostic probability and help to quantify disease severity. Objective: To evaluate the power of discrimination of Abbreviated Burn Severity Index (ABSI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II), Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) and Therapeutic Intervention Scoring System 28 (TISS 28) in an Intensive Care Unit (ICU) from a burn center. Patients and Methods: This is a prospective longitudinal study, carried out from May 2011 to May 2013. Patients under 18 years of age and with hospitalization for less than 24 hours were excluded. Clinical and demographic data were collected, and the prognostic scores were calculated. The accuracy of the scores was evaluated by the Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve, which discriminated against the outcome of the patient (survivor and non-survivor). The area under the curve (AUC) was calculated. Results: A total of 180 patients were included, and 72.8% of them were male (n = 131). The median age was 40 years (IQR: 30 - 52.5). Hospital mortality was 37.2% (n = 67). The highest AUC was from the APACHE II score, with a value of 0.837 (associated criterion = 14, sensitivity = 83.6% and specificity = 72.3%). In the analysis of the scores between survivors and non-survivors statistically significant differences were found in all studied scores. Conclusions: ABSI, APACHE II, SOFA and TISS 28 at ICU resulted in good power of discrimination for survival among burn patients.

Fatores de risco para mortalidade em idosos admitidos em unidade de terapia intensiva de hospital público / Risk factors for mortality in geriatric patients admitted to the intensive care unit at a public hospital

OBJETIVO: Avaliar fatores de risco para mortalidade em pacientes idosos com internação em uma unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). MÉTODOS: Foram estudados pacientes idosos admitidos em UTI, em um estudo de coorte histórica. Foi realizada amostragem de conveniência de todos os pacientes com 60 anos ou mais, internados nos 20 leitos de uma UTI de um hospital de alta complexidade. Foi realizada análise de regressão de Cox para estimar os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. RESULTADOS: A proporção de pacientes idosos representou 45% das admissões em UTI no período. A mortalidade hospitalar foi de 38,4%. A variável pós-operatório de cirurgia de urgência e os escores Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) e Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) da admissão foram identificados como fatores de risco independentes para mortalidade hospitalar. CONCLUSÃO: Os fatores de risco associados à mortalidade foram os escores APACHE II e SOFA da admissão e pós-operatório de cirurgia de urgência.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate risk factors for mortality in geriatric patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). METHODS: We studied older patients admitted to the ICU in a historical cohort study. Convenience sampling was performed for all patients aged 60 years or older, admitted to the 20 beds of an ICU of a highly complex hospital. Cox regression analysis was performed to estimate risk factors associated with mortality. The significance level used was 5%. RESULTS: The proportion of geriatric patients represented 45% of ICU admissions in the period. In-hospital mortality was 38.4%. The postoperative emergency surgery variable and the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE II) and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) admission scores were identified as independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality. CONCLUSION: Risk factors associated with mortality were APACHE II and SOFA scores for admission and postoperative emergency surgery.

Processo de humanização na graduação: percepção do acadêmico do curso de medicina / Humanization process in undergreduation courses: perception of the medical student

O processo de humanização em formação médica é fundamental para o desenvolvimento de profissionais capacitados a assistirem ao paciente de forma digna, pautado na ética e empatia. O estudo, de caráter transversal e quantitativo, avaliou a percepção de estudantes de medicina de uma instituição pública do Paraná sobre o processo de humanização durante sua formação acadêmica. Os dados foram analisados por frequência relativa IC 95%. Revelou-se que 74,6% dos estudantes consideram que a sua formação contribua para a prática médica humanizada e que grande parte deles possui domínio sobre o conceito de determinação social do processo saúde e doença. Contudo, a metade deles não se considera apta a lidar com um dilema ético e moral. Embora haja um grande conhecimento sobre a humanização ao longo da graduação, ainda se faz necessário um aprimoramento da abordagem de assuntos relacionados à bioética e aos diversos fatores que interferem no processo saúde e doença.

Acute kidney injury and intra-abdominal hypertension in burn patients in intensive care. / Injúria renal aguda e hipertensão intra-abdominal em paciente queimado em terapia intensiva.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal hypertension in major burn patients and its association with the occurrence of acute kidney injury. METHODS: This was a prospective cohort study of a population of burn patients hospitalized in a specialized intensive care unit. A convenience sample was taken of adult patients hospitalized in the period from 1 August 2015 to 31 October 2016. Clinical and burn data were collected, and serial intra-abdominal pressure measurements taken. The significance level used was 5%. RESULTS: A total of 46 patients were analyzed. Of these, 38 patients developed intra-abdominal hypertension (82.6%). The median increase in intra-abdominal pressure was 15.0mmHg (interquartile range: 12.0 to 19.0). Thirty-two patients (69.9%) developed acute kidney injury. The median time to development of acute kidney injury was 3 days (interquartile range: 1 - 7). The individual analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury indicated an association with intra-abdominal hypertension (p = 0.041), use of glycopeptides (p = 0.001), use of vasopressors (p = 0.001) and use of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.006). Acute kidney injury was demonstrated to have an association with increased 30-day mortality (log-rank, p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Intra-abdominal hypertension occurred in most patients, predominantly in grades I and II. The identified risk factors for the occurrence of acute kidney injury were intra-abdominal hypertension and use of glycopeptides, vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Acute kidney injury was associated with increased 30-day mortality.

Injúria renal aguda e hipertensão intra-abdominal em paciente queimado em terapia intensiva / Acute kidney injury and intra-abdominal hypertension in burn patients in intensive care

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência de hipertensão intra-abdominal no paciente grande queimado e sua associação com a ocorrência de injúria renal aguda. Métodos: Estudo de coorte prospectivo, com população de pacientes queimados internados nos leitos de unidade de terapia intensiva especializada. Realizada amostragem de conveniência de pacientes adultos internados no período de 1º de agosto de 2015 a 31 de outubro de 2016. Foram coletados dados clínicos e da queimadura, além de medidas seriadas da pressão intra-abdominal. O nível de significância utilizado foi de 5%. Resultados: Foram analisados 46 pacientes. Evoluíram com hipertensão intra-abdominal 38 pacientes (82,6%). A mediana da maior pressão intra-abdominal foi 15,0mmHg (intervalo interquartílico: 12,0 - 19,0). Desenvolveram injúria renal aguda 32 (69,9%) pacientes. A mediana do tempo para desenvolvimento de injúria renal aguda foi de 3 dias (intervalo interquartílico: 1 - 7). A análise individual de fatores de risco para injúria renal aguda apontou associação com hipertensão intra-abdominal (p = 0,041), uso de glicopeptídeos (p = 0,001), uso de vasopressor (p = 0,001) e uso de ventilação mecânica (p = 0,006). Foi evidenciada associação de injúria renal aguda com maior mortalidade em 30 dias (log-rank, p = 0,009). Conclusão: Ocorreu hipertensão intra-abdominal em grande parte dos pacientes estudados, predominantemente nos graus I e II. Os fatores de risco identificados para ocorrência de injúria renal aguda foram hipertensão intra-abdominal, uso de glicopeptídeos, vasopressor e ventilação mecânica. Injúria renal aguda esteve associada à maior mortalidade em 30 dias.

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the frequency of intra-abdominal hypertension in major burn patients and its association with the occurrence of acute kidney injury. Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of a population of burn patients hospitalized in a specialized intensive care unit. A convenience sample was taken of adult patients hospitalized in the period from 1 August 2015 to 31 October 2016. Clinical and burn data were collected, and serial intra-abdominal pressure measurements taken. The significance level used was 5%. Results: A total of 46 patients were analyzed. Of these, 38 patients developed intra-abdominal hypertension (82.6%). The median increase in intra-abdominal pressure was 15.0mmHg (interquartile range: 12.0 to 19.0). Thirty-two patients (69.9%) developed acute kidney injury. The median time to development of acute kidney injury was 3 days (interquartile range: 1 - 7). The individual analysis of risk factors for acute kidney injury indicated an association with intra-abdominal hypertension (p = 0.041), use of glycopeptides (p = 0.001), use of vasopressors (p = 0.001) and use of mechanical ventilation (p = 0.006). Acute kidney injury was demonstrated to have an association with increased 30-day mortality (log-rank, p = 0.009). Conclusion: Intra-abdominal hypertension occurred in most patients, predominantly in grades I and II. The identified risk factors for the occurrence of acute kidney injury were intra-abdominal hypertension and use of glycopeptides, vasopressors and mechanical ventilation. Acute kidney injury was associated with increased 30-day mortality.

[Gestational and congenital toxoplasmosis: a practical approach to disease notification]. / Toxoplasmose adquirida na gestação e toxoplasmose congênita: uma abordagem prática na notificação da doença.

OBJECTIVE: to demonstrate the experience of implanting toxoplasmosis notification during pregnancy and congenital toxoplasmosis in a Sentinel Unit (SU) and describe reported cases. METHODS: this was a descriptive study of the implantation of a notification protocol using a specific notification form for suspected cases of toxoplasmosis in pregnant women and congenital toxoplasmosis in a reference center in Paraná State, Brazil, from August 2013 to August 2014. RESULTS: all 64 suspected cases were notified and case investigation was completed by the SU Epidemiology Sector; 63 received prenatal care and 51 received treatment during pregnancy; 7 of the children being clinically monitored had confirmed diagnosis of congenital toxoplasmosis. CONCLUSION: implanting toxoplasmosis notification afforded epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic data on the disease that contributed to the assessment of the clinical evolution of children exposed to Toxoplasma gondii.

Queimaduras por tentativa de suicídio e homicídio e a sua associação com o prognóstico / Burns caused by attempted suicide and homicide and its association with prognosis / Quemaduras por intento de suicidio y homicidio y su asociación con el pronóstico

Objetivo: Descrever as características clínicas e epidemiológicas de pacientes vítimas de queimaduras infligidas intencionalmente internados em uma unidade de terapia intensiva de um centro de tratamento especializado em queimaduras de um hospital universitário. Método: Foi realizado um estudo longitudinal retrospectivo na unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um Centro de Tratamento de Queimados. A amostragem foi de conveniência de todos os pacientes adultos queimados internados consecutivamente no período de maio de 2011 a novembro de 2013. Foram coletados dados clínicos e do diagnóstico da queimadura, além de escores prognósticos. Resultados: Dos 178 pacientes incluídos no estudo, 19,7% tiveram lesões intencionais, sendo 10,7% ocasionadas por tentativa de suicídio e 9,0% por tentativa de homicídio. As lesões autoinfligidas e por agressão foram mais graves quando comparadas a lesões acidentais. A média da superfície corpórea queimada total foi maior nas lesões intencionais (39,2%; DP=21,6%) comparada às acidentais (25,3%, DP=15,6%; p<0,001) e a lesão inalatória foi mais frequente nas intencionais (71,43%) do que nas acidentais (38,4%; p<0,001). A taxa de mortalidade foi maior nas queimaduras intencionais (65,7%) comparada aos acidentes (30,7%; p<0,001). As mulheres foram o principal grupo de risco associado às queimaduras intencionais (p<0,001). As variáveis clínicas e prognósticos apresentaram resultados semelhantes entre os pacientes com queimaduras por tentativa de suicídio e homicídio. Conclusões: Identificou-se que as lesões intencionais são um fator de risco para o pior prognóstico e mortalidade de pacientes queimados.

Objective: To describe the clinical and epidemiological features of burn victims inflicted intentionally admitted to an intensive care unit of a specialized burn center at a university hospital. Method: Retrospective longitudinal study conducted in the intensive care unit of a Burn Treatment Center. Convenience sampling of all burned adult patients consecutively admitted from May 2011 to November 2013. Clinical data and burn diagnosis as well as prognostic scores were collected. Results: Of the 178 patients included in the study 19.7% had intentional injuries, 10.7% caused by attempted suicide and 9.0% attempted homicide. Self-inflicted injury and assault resulted in more serious injury compared to accidental injuries. The average of the total burned body area was higher in intentional injuries (39.2% and standard deviation ­ SD=21.6%) compared with accidental (25.3%, SD=15.6%, p<0.001) and inhalation injury was more frequent in intentional (71.43%) than in accidental (38.4%; p<0.001). The mortality rate was higher in intentional burns (65.7%) compared to accidents (30.7%; p<0.001). Women had higher risk associated intentional burns (p<0.001). Clinical and prognostic variables showed similar results among patients with burns of attempted suicide and homicide. Conclusions: It was found that intentional injuries are a risk factor for poor prognosis and mortality in burned patients.

Objetivo: Describir las características clínicas y epidemiológicas de pacientes víctimas de quemaduras infligidas intencionalmente internados en una unidad de cuidados intensivos de un centro de tratamiento especializado para quemaduras de un hospital universitario. Método: Estudio retrospectivo longitudinal en la unidad de cuidados intensivos de un centro de tratamiento especializado para quemaduras. El muestreo fue de conveniencia, de todos los pacientes adultos quemados internados consecutivamente a partir de mayo de 2011 hasta noviembre de 2013. Se recogieron datos clínicos y del diagnóstico de quemaduras, así como las puntuaciones de pronóstico. Resultados: De los 178 pacientes incluidos en el estudio, 19,7% tenían lesiones intencionales, siendo 10,7% por tentativa de suicidio y 9,0% por tentativa de homicidio. Las lesiones autoinfligidas y por agresión resultaron en lesiones más graves cuando comparadas a lesiones accidentales. El promedio de la superficie total del cuerpo quemado fue mayor en las lesiones intencionales (39,2%; DE=21,6%) en comparación a las accidentales (25,3%; DE=15,6%, p<0,001) y la lesión por inhalación fue más frecuente en las intencionales (71,43%) que en las accidentales (38,4%; p<0,001). La tasa de mortalidad fue mayor en las quemaduras intencionales (65,7%) en comparación a los accidentes (30,7%; p<0,001). Las mujeres fueron el principal grupo de riesgo asociado a quemaduras intencionales (p<0,001). Las variables clínicas y pronóstico presentaron resultados similares entre los pacientes con quemaduras de intento de suicidio y homicidio. Conclusiones: Se identificó que las lesiones intencionales son un factor de riesgo para peor pronóstico y mortalidad en pacientes quemados.